The United States, United Kingdom and eurozone central banks have announced they kept their basic rates at the current level. These decisions have been justified by the significant slowing of inflation which has been observed since the end of the Summer with in September prices increases came back year on year to 2.9% in the euro zone and to 3.7% in the U.S. The executives of these institutions have clearly specified that didn’t rule out new increases in the coming months because they considered that we were far from the objective figuring, explicitly or implicitly, in ...

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In economy as in politics, formulas have a hard life. So to the Glorious Thirties, according to the title of Jean Fourastié book, coming from 1946 to 1975, would have been followed, after the two oil crisis, by forty years of mistakes which would explain the difficulties France is today confronted with. But the reality is quite different. The Glorious Thirties have not been as glorious as it is said and during the Eighties have been accomplished realizations France would be proud and which have changed French people life.

The judgment carried about the post-war years largely rests on the ...

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Energy has always been at the core of the transformations which have affected societies. It is the coal which has allowed the industrial revolution and which has offered the possibility to the countries where were located the deposits to developing and to increasing their influence in the world. The 20^th century has been, in many considerations, the oil century as much by the huge possibilities it gave as by the crisis it has been at the origin. The access to the Caspian Sea resources had incited Germany to invade the south of Russia, an attempt which has failed in ...

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